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Edexcel | Physics WPH0 | S 16 4 1 | 1 hour 30 minutes
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19
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The diagrams show two particle accelerators, the cyclotron and the linac.

19
(a)
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4 Mark s

Describe two similarities and two differences in how the accelerators operate.

Two similarities

Two differences

Similarities

An electric field accelerates the particles

the time spent in each dee and each tube is constant

Or Particles increase in speed only in the gaps between dees and tubes

Or Particles travel at constant speed in dees and tubes

Differences

Cyclotron uses magnetic field (for circular path) but the linac doesn’t

Idea that they manage the increasing speed of the particles in different

ways, in the linac the drift tubes get longer and in the cyclotron the

radius of the path increases

19
(b) (I)
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2 Mark s

19
(b) (II)
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1 Mark

In the 1950s physicist Robert Hofstadter used electron diffraction to estimate the

State why electrons moving at 8.2 × 106 ms–1 would not be suitable for this.

Wavelength (much) larger than the diameter of the proton, (so no

diffraction)

19
(c)
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Developments in particle accelerator technology in the 1960s enabled experiments

with high-energy electrons to be carried out. At these energies, relativistic effects

occur.

The graph below, of (speed)2 against kinetic energy, shows data from one of these

experiments.

19
(c) (I)
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2 Mark s

speed of electrons (tends towards but) cannot be greater than c

Or Particles cannot travel at the speed of light

19
(c) (II)
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2 Mark s

Not a straight line (for high(er) values of Ek)

Or graph doesn’t show a linear relationship

Or the gradient decreases (with increasing Ek)

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