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Edexcel | Physics WPH0 | W 19 4 1 | 1 hour 30 minutes
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16
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The structure of the atom was investigated in the early 1900s by directing alpha particles at thin metal foil and measuring the angles through which the particles were deflected.

16
(a)
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2 Mark s

Explain why these experiments were carried out in a vacuum.

 

To prevent alpha particles interacting with air molecules/particles

Which could have:

Or resulted in alpha particles striking the foil from a different angle

Or stopped alpha particles from reaching the foil or reaching the screen

16
(b)
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2 Mark s

In one series of experiments, about 1 in 8000 alpha particles directed at thin gold foil

were deflected through angles greater than 90°.

Explain how this provided evidence for atoms having a concentration of charge in a

central nucleus.

Alpha particles need a large (electrostatic) force/field to deflect them through

angles greater than 90°

(very) few were close enough to the charge so the space occupied must be

very small

Or a strong enough (electrostatic) field can only be formed by a high

concentration of charge

Or a strong enough (electrostatic) force can only be exerted by a high

concentration of charge

16
(c)
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3 Mark s

The angle at which the greatest number of alpha particles was detected for gold was 2.1°.

The experiment was repeated for other metal foils. The results are shown in the table.

Explain the pattern of results in the table.

(QWC – Work must be clear and organised in a logical manner using technical

wording where appropriate)

Greater angle/deflection with greater proton number

Greater proton number means a greater charge

More charge means a greater repulsive/deflecting force, so more deflection

16
(d)
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5 Mark s

These experiments provided evidence for a nuclear atom. Bohr suggested that

electrons can only orbit the nucleus at specific distances from the nucleus.

De Broglie developed this idea by stating that the lowest possible orbit is where thecircumference of the orbit is equal to the de Broglie wavelength for the electron.Show, by considering the force keeping the electron in orbit around a hydrogen nucleus, that this statement is true.

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