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Edexcel | Physics WPH0 | S 11 5 1 | 1 hour 30 minutes
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18
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Current theory predicts that there is a massive black hole at the centre of every galaxy.

It is suggested that if galaxies approach, then their central black holes begin to orbit each other until the galaxies merge.

In 2009, astronomers found convincing evidence of two such black holes orbiting as abinary system. From data collected, they estimated that the separation of the black holes   

 

18
(a) (I)
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1 Mark

State the origin of the force that maintains the black holes in an orbit.

Gravitation OR gravity OR gravitational attraction / pull / force

18
(a) (II)
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2 Mark s

18
(a) (III)
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3 Mark s

Show that the orbital time of the binary system is about 100 years.

 

18
(b)
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As the black holes swallow up matter, radiation is emitted. To observers on Earth

this radiation appears to be red shifted.

18
(b) (I)
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3 Mark s

State what red shift means and discuss the conclusions that can be drawn from

the observation that radiation from all distant galaxies is red shifted.

(QWC- Work must be clear and organised in a logical manner using

technical wording where appropriate.)

Radiation (is received) with a longer/stretched wavelength

(compared to that emitted) OR lower/smaller frequency

This indicates that distant galaxies are receding / distance between

galaxies is increasing/galaxies are moving apart

(Hence) the universe is expanding / provides evidence for Big Bang

18
(b) (II)
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2 Mark s

Suggest why the light from both black holes is red shifted, even though the

black holes are orbiting each other and hence moving in opposite directions.

The rotational motion (of the black holes) is small compared with

that due to the overall recession

(So) both black holes are still moving away OR (hence) the overall

effect when the black hole is approaching is to cause a small

reduction in the observed red (rather than a blue) shift

ALTERNATIVE APPROACH:

Reference to plane of orbit being perpendicular to line of sight

from the Earth

Therefore there is no change in wavelength due to rotation of black

holes

18
(b) (III)
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3 Mark s

The observed red shift for the two black holes was 0.38.

Calculate the distance of the merging galaxies from the Earth.

                                       Distance from the Earth = .........................................

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